In The Supreme Court of Nigeria
On Friday, the 30th day of March 2007
S.C. 273/2001
Between
Yesufu Ogedengbe ....... Appellants
Chief Owolabi Omotoriogun
Mr. Alugo Abere
Mr. Augustine Atari
Mr. Amos Alari
Mr. Ogidi Ezekiel
Mr. Alabi Obe
And
Chief J. B. Balogun ....... Respondents
Chief Simon Oyeoba
Chief Oriloye Arokobiekun
Chief Michael Adubiaro
(for and on behalf of the Ekpesa Community)
Judgement of the Court
Delivered by
Ikechi Francis Ogbuagu
This is an appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal, Benin Division, [hereinafter called "the court below"], delivered on 23rd April, 2001, dismissing the appeal to it and affirming the Judgment of the trial court delivered on 12U' June, 1998 in favour of the Plaintiffs/Respondents. The Appellants have now appealed to this Court on three (3) grounds of appeal which without their particulars, read as follows:
"(i) The Court below misdirected itself on the fact when it held that "this apparent contradiction cannot be used to discredit all the other features that define the boundaries of the disputed land. After all, there is still the long stone ground, which forms the boundary between Ekpasa and Lampese. If use Hill use the only crucial land mark ...then the argument ... will stand...
(ii) The Court below erred in Jaw when it declined to order a retrial when the trial Court failed to evaluate vital evidence of traditional history, possession and boundary men adduced by the Defendant, on ground that 2nd defendant lied and contradicted himself.
(iii) The Court below erred in law when it held that "the trial Judge was perfectly right to have accepted and acted on the evidence adduce (sic) by the Plaintiffs" without a consideration of the corresponding evidence of the defendant is on traditional evidence of ownership and possession of the land in dispute inter-alia.
(the underlining his)
The Appellants, have formulated two (2) issues for determination, namely,
"1. Was the Court below right to have held that the apparent contradiction in the Respondents (then Plaintiffs) (sic) evidence on the identity of the land in dispute was not fatal to the claims for declaration of title and injunction. (Ground 1).
2. Was the Court below right to have refused to order a retrial in view of the failure of the trial court to evaluate vital evidence (Grounds 2 and 3)",
I note that the Respondents adopted the above issues.
The issues of the parties, as far as I am concerned, have made the determination of this appeal, less cumbersome for me. This is because I note firstly, that the defendants/Appellants, joined issues on the identity and features of the land in dispute. Secondly, the court below refused to order a retrial because of an alleged failure of the trial court, to evaluate vital evidence. See Grounds 3 and 3 of the grounds of appeal.
On 8th January 2007, when this appeal came up for hearing, learned counsel for the Appellants - Ajayi, Esq., in his oral submission, stated in respect of their Issue 1 that there was no certainty of the boundaries of the land in dispute. On Issue 2, he stated that credibility, was in issue and yet, the court below proceeded to evaluate. That the position therefore, is for an order of retrial. He cited and referred to the case of Okomalu v. Akinbode (2004) 4 SCNJ. 53 (it is also reported in (2006) All FWLR (Pt.3I4) 211)
He still urged the Court, to allow the appeal, set aside the Judgment of the court below and order a retrial.
On his part, Chief Orbih, submitted that the parties know the land in dispute. That a Survey Plan, was filed and that the Surveyor, testified, that other witnesses also testified and that there is also concurrent' findings of the two lower courts. That the boundary the Appellants say there was contradiction, is about the boundary with a third party who is not a party in the dispute. That it was not a boundary dispute. That no issue was joined on the identity of the land as the Surve5^or, gave evidence and he was not challenged. On the issue of evaluation, Chief Orbih submitted that the court below did not go ahead to evaluate the evidence, only that it found as a fact, that the identity of the land, was not in issue, lie finally urged the court to dismiss the appeal.
It is now firmly settled in a plethora of decided authorities, that land, to which a declaration of title is sought, must be sufficiently identified. See the case of Ezeokeke & ors. v. Uga & ors. (1962) 1 ANLR (Pt. 1) 482, 484. In other words, in a claim of title, it must be made to a defined area, with certainty. See the case of Amodu Rufai v. Ricketts & 5 ors (1934) 2 WACA 95.
It is also settled that before a, declaration of title is given, the land which it relates, must be ascertained with certainty. The test being whether a Surveyor, can from the record, produce an accurate plan. See the cases of Kwadzo v. Adjei (1994) 10 WACA 274; Chief Aro v. Chief Obaloro (1968) NMLR 238; Arabe v. Asanlu (1980) 5-7 S.C. 78 at 90; Udofia v. Afia (1980) 6 WACA 216; Okorie v. Udom (1959) 5 FSC 162; cited also in the case of Oke & ors. v. Eke & ors. (1982) 2 S.C. 218 at 232 and many others.
Also firmly established, is that in a claim for declaration of title to land, (as in the instant ease leading to this appeal), the onus is on the plaintiff to prove title to a defined area to which a declaration, can be attached. See the eases of Odesanya v. Ewedemi (1962) ANLR (Pt. 1) 318 & 320; Okuoja v. Ishola (1982) 7 S.C. 314 at 351 citing Udofia v. Afia (supra); Baruwa v. Ogunshola (1938) 4 WACA 155; Elias v. Sulathan (1973) 1 ANLR 252; and Omo-Bare v. Alhaji Elias (1978) 7 FCA 22 just to mention but a few.
It is also firmly settled, that where a plaintiff in an action for declaration of title, fails to prove the boundaries of the land he is claiming, he has failed by that omission, to prove his case and the proper order which the court should make in such circumstances, is usually one of dismissal of the claim. See Amala v. Maduku 14 WACA 580; Alade v. Dina 17 NLR 32; Epi & anor. v. Aigbedion (1975) (1) NMLR 31; (1975} 5 U.I.L.R. (Pt. 11) 157; and Ugbo v. Nwokeke 6 ENLR 106. Indeed, it is also settled that inaccurate plan, will defeat a plaintiff's claim. This is also the case, if the description of the land in dispute, contradicts the plan.
I have gone this far, in order to let the Appellants know and appreciate, that these settled principles of law, are clear and unambiguous and no longer in doubt. But in the instant case, not only did the Respondents, produce and tender a Survey Plan - Exhibit 7, they also called a Licensed Surveyor - PW.7 who testified on oath and identified Exhibit 7 which was tendered, without any objection. The Records show that his evidence was never challenged by the Appellants in cross-examination. The boundary witnesses, also testified. The trial court was satisfied that the identity of the land in dispute was clearly established in evidence.
As a matter of fact and this is also settled, where the identity of the land in dispute, is known to the parties and not in dispute, no plan is necessary. Absence of a plan is not fatal to a plaintiff's claim, if proper description of the land is available in the proceedings. See Etiko v. Aroyewun (1959) 4 FSC 129; Arabe v. Asanlu (supra); Chief Sokpui II v. Chief Agbozo 13 WACA 241 60, 242; Atolagbe v. Shorun (1985) 1 NWLR (Pt.2) 360; (1985) 4 S.C. 250 at 275 just to mention a few. Indeed, and this is also settled, where the identity of land is not clear to a, defendant, he could or should in fact, apply for particulars.
As I stated earlier in this Judgment, the production and tendering of a Survey Plan, is one of the ways in which evidence can be led, to prove the boundaries of a laud in dispute. See also the case of Chief Emiri & 4 ors. v. Chief Imieyeh & anor. (1999) 4 NWLR {Pt.599) 442 at 463, 465, 468; (1999) 4 SCNJ 1. But a plan is not a sine qua non. See the case of Akpagbue & anor. v. Ogu & ors. (1976) 6 S.C. 42 at 45-46. Some description, however, is necessary to make a disputed land, ascertainable. See Chief Sokpui II v. Chief Agbozo (supra) at 242 and Ajadi_B. Awere v. Suleman Lasoju (1975) NMLR 100 at 101 both referred to in the case of Alli v. Aleshinloye (2000) 6 NWLR (Pt.660) 177 (Pt.215; (2000) 4 SCNJ. 16- See also Chief Emiri & 4 ors. v. Chief Imieyeh & anor.. (supra,) wrongly cited in the Respondent's Briefs, (it is not Pt. 442) but at page 442).
Now, I note that the 1st Plaintiff/Respondent, at page 72 of the Records, lines 2,5 to 35 on oath, described the boundaries of the land in dispute. Therein, he stated as follows:
"... Ekpesa common boundary with Lampese is Esia or Egba or big boulders. This Lampese/Ekpese boundary was demarcated in 1922 by one Mr. E.A. Williams who was the H.D.O. (Higher District Officer)....".
Under cross-examination by P. Orifunmishe of counsel for the Defendants/Appellants, the 1st Plain tiff/Respondent, who stated that he is "the Deji of Ekpesa", maintained that he knew all the boundaries of the land in dispute.
P.W. 5 - one Ibrahim Igbogeije, from Lampese and lives there, on oath, also testified that at page 59 of the Records, inter alia, as follows:
".... the White man settled the dispute for us (i.e. between Ekpesa and Lampese communities). He it was who demarcated the boundary. He used & big- rock to demarcate the boundary and drew a line from it to Ose Hill. Ose Hill is on our land. The boundary line followed up to river Izo near Ogugu. "
In fact, under cross-examination, PW5 further testified, that there is a common boundary between his family land and that of Ekpesa of the Plaintiffs/Respondents. He was never discredited in cross-examination and ins said evidence, was never challenged.
P.W. 7 - Francis O. Iyawe is the Licensed Surveyor. He produced the Survey plan of the land in dispute he surveyed and prepared which was tendered without objection from the defence and was marked Exhibit 7. I note that thirteen (13) witnesses including a Traditional Ruler - P.W. 10 - H.R.H. Oba Momodu Idaiye, testified as a boundary man for the Plaintiffs/Respondents. The trial court in its Judgment, found in favour of the Respondents.
As rightly submitted in the Respondents' Brief, even where it is not reasonably possible to ascertain the location or identity or boundaries of the land in dispute, the production of a Survey plan, may be an answer to provide a solution to the problem. The case of Salami v. Obodogun (1997) 49 LRCN 1020 at 1023 is cited and relied on.
The learned trial Judge at page 203 of the Records, stated inter alia, as follows:
"... I find no substance in the submission by the learned counsel for the Defendants that the plaintiffs failed to prove (sic.) (meaning prove) with certainty the area of land claimed. I find that the 1st Plaintiff is a witness of truth so also are virtually all the witnesses of the Plaintiffs, On the other hand 1 find the evidence of P. W, 3 us most unreliable..."
The court below, at, page 326 of the Records, stated inter alia, as follows:
"The inconsistency said to exist between 7 and the evidence of PW7 find PW1O as to the boundaries lies only in the imagination of the appellants. I cannot see the contradiction in the evidence of 1st Plaintiff and Exhibit 7 since it is not the whole of Ekpesa land that is being disputed...."
(the underlining mine)
At pages 328 to 329, the court below stated inter alia, as follows:
" This piece of evidence (i.e. part of the evidence of the PW7) considered alongside that of DW3 (2nd Defendant) will undoubtedly show that the Plaintiffs were in possession of the disputed land and the denial by the Defendants of the existence of Ekpesa land would be seen not to be true. The trial Judge had the singular advantage of seeing the witnesses testify. He watched their demeanour or (sic} and the Appeal Court on the cold printed records cannot decide on the issue of credibility...
I agree. This is because, it is now firmly settled, that the function of assessment of credibility of witnesses, is essentially, for the trial court and not that of the Appeal Court. See the cases of Akpapuna & ors. v. Nzeka & ors. (1983) 2 SCNLR. 1 at 14; Ebba v. Ogodo (1984} 4 S.C. 84 at 98: (1984) 1 SCNLR 372; Obodo & anor. v. Osba & ors. (1987} 3 S.C. 459 at 460, 480-482,485; (1987} 3 S.C.N.J. 82; Babatunde Ajayi v. Texaco Nig. Ltd. & ors. (1987) 3 NWLR (Pt. 62) 577; (1987) 9-11 S.C. 1 at 27 and many others. The Respondents, cited and relied on the cases of Alize v. Umaru (2002)14 NWLR (Pt.787) 369 at 390; Archibong v. Akpan (1992) 4 NWLR (Pt. 238) 750 at 757, 760 C.A; and Ibuluya v. Dikibo (2001) 8 WLR (Pt.716) 678 at 680 C.A. I note that there are mix-ups in the citations in the Respondents' Brief and in their Legal/List of Authorities.
Thus, where the question(s) that falls/fall to be determined, raises/raise the issue of credibility, an Appellate Court, will not interfere. See also the eases of Ogunleye v. Oni (1990) 2 NWLR (Pt.135) 745; (1990) 4 SCNJ. 65; Ejabulor v. His Highness. Osha (1990) 5 NWLR (Pt.148) 1; (1990) 7 SCNJ. 187; Ngillari v. NICON (1998) 8 NWLR (Pt. 560) 1 at 20-21; (1998) 6 SCNJ. 16 -per Onu, JSC. and recently, Chief Okechi & 2 ors. v. Chief Animkwoi & 2 ors.(2003) 18 NWLR 1 (Pt.851) 1; (2003) 2 SCNJ. 260 at 277 - per Tobi., JSC. Issue 1 fails, as it is resolved against the Appellants.
As regards the issue of retrial, it is now firmly established that it is only where a plaintiff, has failed totally, to prove his case and there is substantial irregularity apparent on the Record or shown to the Court, that an order for retrial will be made. But this is not, the case in the instant case leading to this appeal. See the case of Ayoola v. Adebayo (1969) 1 All NLR 159, 162 - per Coker, JSC.
Again, it is only where a trial court fails to make findings of fact on specific issues of fact and thus, fails to resolve tho issues that arise in the pleadings of the parties, that an Appellate Court should send the case hack to the trial court, for retrial. See the cases of Bamidele v. Adeyemi (1963) 1 ANLR 146 at 148; Shell B.P. v. Cole (1978) 3 S.C. 183; Adibu v. Binutu Karimu & anor. (1988) 1 S.C. 136 at 139; (1985) 1 SCNJ. 70; Ezeoke & ors. v. Nwagbo & anor. (1988} 3 SCNJ. (Pt.l) 37 at 49; Chief Olufosoye v. Olorunfemi (1989) 1 NWLR (Pt.95) 27 and Sanni v. Dr. Ademiluyi (2003) 1 SCNJ 197; just to mention but a few. I find that none of the circumstances of these cases is applicable in the instant case leading to this appeal. See also recently, the case of Alhaji Okomalu v.. Chief Akinbhode (supra) where this Court - per Tobi, JSC at pages G8 - G9 of the SCNJ and 239 -232 of the All FWLR, listed eleven (11) instances when this Court, pursuant to Section 22, of Supreme Court Act and Order 8 rule 13 (1) of its Rules, will order a retrial and six (6) instances when it will not so order. This issue is also resolved against the Appellants.
Finally, there are concurrent findings of fact by the two lower courts. The Appellants have failed to show why this Court should interfere and the Court has not seen any reason why it should interfere. See the cases of Njoku v. Enie (1973) 5 S.C 293; Chikwendu v. Mbamali (1980) 3-4 S.C. 31 and Ibido v. Enirofia (1980) 5 - 7 S.C. 42 and many others. See also the cases of Abimbola v. Abatara (2001) 9 NWLR (Pt. 717) 66 at 78-79 (it is also required in (2001) 4 SCNJ 73) and Chime & ors v. Chime & (2001) 3 NWLR (Pt.701) 527 at 551 (it is also reported in (2001) 4 SCNJ 132 cited and relied on in the Respondent's Brief.
In the end result or final analysis, this appeal lacks substance and has failed abysmally. I have no hesitation in dismissing it and I hereby and accordingly, affirm the decision of the court below affirming the Judgment of the trial court.
Costs follow the events. The Respondents were entitled to costs fixed at N10,000.00 (ten thousand-naira) payable to them by the Appellants.
Judgment delivered by
Idris Legbo Kutigi, C.J.N.
I have had the privilege of reading in advance the judgment just delivered by my learned brother Ogbuagu, J.S.C. I agree with the reasoning and conclusion that-the appeal is clearly without merit and ought to be dismissed." It is hereby dismissed. I endorse the order for costs.
Judgment delivered by
George Adetola Oguntade, J.S.C.
The respondents were the plaintiffs at the Igarra High Court of the old Bendel State (now Edo State) and the appellants the defendants. The plaintiffs claimed against the defendants the following reliefs:
"(i) A declaration that the Plaintiffs are entitled to Statutory Right of Occupancy to all that piece or parcel of farmland lying and situate between Rivers Alua and Izo at Ekpesa Village, -Akoko-Edo Local Government Area Bendel State within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court and ~which said land is verged pink on Plan No. ISo/BD/1593/89 filed with this Statement of Claim.
(ii) N250,000.00 (Two Hundred and fifty thousand Naira)-being damages for acts of trespass committed by 2nd to the 5th Defendants, their agents and/or servants or the said farmland and as tributes/rents due from the 1st - and 7th Defendants and their agents and servants to the Plaintiffs for the use of their farmland.
(iii) An order of forfeiture of the farming interests or rights of the 1st and 7th Defendants on the said piece or parcel of land.
(iv) Injunction restraining the Defendants jointly and severally, by themselves, their servants or agents from entering the land in dispute and doing thereon any farming in violation of the Plaintiffs' Customary Rights or without the express permission of the Plaintiffs."
The trial court, on 12-6-98 in its judgment, granted the plaintiffs' claims. Dissatisfied, the defendants brought an appeal before the Court of Appeal, Benin (hereinafter referred to as 'the court below'). On 23/04/2001, the court below in its unanimous judgment dismissed the appeal. Still dissatisfied, the defendants have brought a final appeal before this Court. The court below on 11-07-2001 granted the appellants the leave to appeal to this Court on three grounds of appeal. From the said three grounds of appeal, the appellants formulated two issues for the determination of this Court. The issues are:
"1. Was the court below right to have held that the apparent contradiction in the Respondents (then - Plaintiffs) evidence on the identity of the land in dispute was not fatal to the claims for declaration of title and injunction. (Ground 1).
2. Was the court below right to have refused to order a retrial in view of the failure of the trial court to evaluate vital evidence. (Grounds 2 and 3)."
It is apposite to observe that the success of the appellants' second issue as framed above-is dependent on their first issue. If I am able to hold as the two courts below did, that there were ho contradictions in the evidence called by the plaintiffs (i.e. respondents) on the identity-of the land in dispute, a consideration of the question whether or not the court below ought to have ordered a retrial would not arise.
Now, in paragraphs 6-8 of their statement of claim, the plaintiffs before the court of trial identified the land in dispute between the parties thus;
6. The land, the subject matter of the present dispute is shown and verged pink in the survey plan No ISo/BD/1593/89 dated 13/12/89 made and duly signed by a Licensed Surveyor, Mr. F. U. Iyawe. The said survey plan is hereby filed along with this Statement of Claim.
7. The Plaintiffs aver that the area verged pink represents the area in dispute in this case and the said area is within the area verged green which represents the Plaintiffs' area of land, which is not in dispute in this case.
8. The Plaintiffs aver that the said land referred to in paragraph 7 above is situate, lying and being at Ekpesa within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court and is known and called Ekpesa land."
The defendants in their joint Statement of defence in paragraphs-8-15 pleaded thus:
"8. With regard to paragraph 6 of the Statement of claim, the Defendants aver that the said survey Plan No. ISo/BD/1593/89 filed by the Plaintiffs is a geographical and cadastral distortion of the area it purports to represent, and it clearly portrays the Plaintiffs lack of knowledge of the land they have set out to claim in this suit.
9. The Defendants will contend at the trial that the said Plaintiffs survey plan is full of inaccuracies, omissions, distortions and misrepresentations and therefore cannot ground a claim for injunction.
10. With regard to paragraph 7 of the Statement of Claim, the Defendants repeat paragraphs 8 and 9 above and will further contend at the trial that the Plaintiffs survey plan is unreliable.
11. The Defendants deny paragraph 8 of the Plaintiffs Statement of Claim and will at the trial contend that there is no-land known and called Ekpesa land to the knowledge of the Defendants,
12. The Defendants deny paragraphs, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the Statement of Claim and will show at the trial that the land in dispute was first settled upon by the Ekuya people of Ibillo who migrated to the present site of Ekuya Quarters, Ibillo from Benin through Ilafe.
13. The Defendants avers (sic) that the land in dispute is owned by the Ibillo Community and was placed under the caretakership of Ekuya Quarters several centuries ago.
14. The Defendants aver that the Ibillo Community were the first people to settle and farm on the land in dispute and has been so settled several decades before the Ekpesa people arrived at a place called Ayunha and later at Onyaose.
15. The Defendants will show at he trial that several decades after Ibillo had settled on the land in dispute, one Aigboje the then Ruler of Ekpesa who was being-harassed by war, at Oyanose had sought for shelter and refuge with his maternal relations, his mother Ekecha being an Ibillo woman of Ilosia family in Ekuya Quarters."
A comparison of the extracts from the parties' pleadings reproduced above reveals that it was not the defendants' case that they did not know the, land in dispute. Rather, what was pleaded was that the plan pleaded by the plaintiffs was inaccurate and unreliable. The defendants nevertheless went on to plead that the "land in dispute" was first settled upon by the "Ekuya people of Ibillo". In paragraph 14, the defendants pleaded that their "Ibillo community were the people to first settle "on the land in dispute" before the ' plaintiffs' "Ekpesa people arrived at a place called Ayunha and later Oyaose." It is thus apparent that parties were aware .of the land in dispute between them and had pleaded conflicting traditional histories as to the origin of title each asserted. .
The parties called witnesses in support of-the facts pleaded on their pleadings. Both parties also called their respective licensed land surveyors to testify for them. At page 202 of the record, the trial judge in his judgment expressed his views on the evidence of the two land surveyors thus:
"Both parties commissioned licensed surveyors to survey the disputed land. These Surveyors were called and they testified on oath and tendered signed survey plans of the land in dispute. After a close and careful examination and comparison, I found .by and-large that Exhibits 7 and 10 are by and large in respect of the land in dispute between both parties. Both plans showed a Tobacco farm belonging to one Alabi Adejumo, denuguegbe Union farm, Egbi Cemetary, Ikpesa-Primary School. Under cross-examination, D.W.I the Surveyor who tendered Exhibit 10 admitted that there was a tobacco farm on the land but that the Defendants failed to give him the name of the owner hence he could not indicate this. With this and more in mind, I fail to understand what names mentioned by the Plaintiffs in their amended Statement of Claim are 'fictitious' as averred, in paragraph 25 of the joint Statement of Defence."
:
The court below, at pages 326-327 of the record gave a thorough consideration to the contention of the defendants that the plaintiffs had failed to properly identify the land in dispute. The court below said:
"The inconsistency said to exist between Exhibit 7 and the evidence of PW7 and PW10 as to the boundaries lies only in the imagination .of the appellants. I cannot see the contradiction in the evidence of 1st Plaintiff and Exhibit 7 since it is not the whole of Ekpesa land that is being disputed. On page 72 of the records the 1st Plaintiff stated in examination in chief that "Use Hill is well inside Ekpesa land" and under cross-examination he said: -
'I see Use Hill on the right side of Exhibit 7.
Use Hill is outside the disputed area'
It is the area verged pink in Exhibit 7 that is being disputed but the boundaries of Ekpesa land are verged green and the location of Use Hill in Exhibit 7 is outside the disputed area. Learned Counsel for the Appellants has sought to make heavy weather of PW5's evidence when he stated-at page 59"that, 'Ose Hill is on our land'. This has been taken out of context. The evidence of PW5 runs thus:
I know as a fact that there was a land dispute between Ekpesa and Lampese. "The White man settled the dispute for us. He it was who demarcated the boundary. He used a big rock to demarcate the boundary and drew a line from it to Ose Hill - Ose Hill is on our land
'This apparent contradiction cannot be used to discredit all the other features that define the boundaries of the disputed land. After all there is still the long stone ground, which forms the boundary between Ekpesa and Lampese. If Use Hill was the only crucial land mark on which the identity of the disputed land-could be settled, then the argument of learned counsel that one of the boundaries of the disputed land was not proved-will stand and the Plaintiffs should not be granted the declaration being sought and if granted must be set aside on appeal. I do not find merit in the argument in this issue and it is resolved against the Appellants in favour of the Respondents."
It is by now apparent from the extracts of (he judgments of the two courts below 'reproduced above that a most careful and reflective consideration was given to the defendants' contention that the plaintiffs failed to establish the identity of the land in dispute. The contradictions in the evidence of P.W.7 and P.W. 10 cannot be regarded as substantial enough to affect the case broadly made by the plaintiffs at "the trial as to the identity of the land in dispute. Before me in this Court, there are concurrent findings of the two courts below on the issue agitated by the defendants/appellants. The appellants have not shown why I should disturb the said findings. See Ibodo v. Enirofia [1980] 5-7 SC. 42. The conclusion to be ar