- Flynote
- HR|Have his cause heard (fair trial)
Between
MATHEW NWOKOCHA
and
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF IMO STATE
(Delivered by CLARA BATA OGUNBIYI, JSC)
This is an appeal against the judgment of the Court of Appeal sitting at its Owerri Judicial Division affirming the conviction of the appellant by High Court of Imo State. The appellant alongside one David Amadi and Ikechi Ukanocho were found guilty of the offence of Armed Robbery contrary to 5.1(2)(b) of the Robbery and Fire Arms (Special Provisions) Act Cap 398 Vol. XXII Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 and sentenced to death on the 28th September, 2006.
The historical background of this appeal was that the appellant was jointly charged alongside one David Amadi and Ikechi Ukanacho with the offence of Armed Robbery contrary to Section l{Z){b) of the Robbery end Firearms (Special Provisions) Act Cap.398 Vol.XXII Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 as applicable in Imo State. He was the 3rd accused person in the said charge.
The accused persons pleaded not guilty to the charge. The appellant refused to testify and did not call any witness.
The case of the prosecution was that on 3/5/1998 around 2a.m. armed robbers invaded the house of PW1 one Mr. Vitalis Abareke, at Umuebe in Akobor. PW1 who was sleeping at that time was awoke by the barking of his dogs. He drew near the window and saw people dressed in block shirts and trousers. The robbers tried to force the door open and he was shouting "thieves, thieves."
When the robbers eventually gained entrance into his house, they robbed him of various sums of money totaling N90,000.00 (Ninety Thousand Naira) and a trident radio worth N7,400.00 (Seven Thousand Four Hundred Naira).
In the course of the robbery he saw and recognized the robbers as David Amadi, the 1st accused; Ikechukwu Ukanacho, the 2nd accused; Mathew Nwokocha, the 3rd accused/appellant and one Kingsley Amadi who is still at large. During the robbery, that the 3rd accused/appellant, Mathew Nwokocha instructed the others to beat PW1 to death or he will retaliate. To drive home his point, the 3rd accused/appellant picked up an empty bottle on PW1s dining table and broke same on his (PW1's) head and used the sharp edge to stab PW1 on the head. PW1 recognized the robbers by the aid of moonlight through his window glass which he opened a little having drawn the curtain earlier. The robbers were people from his community and he knew them prior to the incident.
In the morning PW1 reported the incident to the police at Iho. He made a statement to Iho Police and mentioned the names of the accused persons, the appellant inclusive and Kingsley Amadi still at large as the people that robbed him. The matter was subsequently transferred to the State CID Owerri where he also made a statement on 11/5/98 and mentioned the names of the accused persons again.
The 1st and 2nd accused persons were first arrested and arraigned while the search for the appellant and other fleeing accused person continued.
Eventually, the appellant, Mathew Nwokocha was arrested at Port Harcourt and brought back to the State CID Owerri where he volunteered his statements. In his 15+ statement the appellant mentioned the 1st and 2nd accused persons as his co-accused persons. His 2nd statement led to the recovery of a Yamaha RK 126 motorcycle which he had earlier stolen. The statements were admitted as Exhibits 'D' and 'E' respectively.
At the close of the case for the 2nd accused, Ikechi Ukanacho, the court called on the 3rd accused/appellant, Mathew Nwokocha to enter his defence but he refused.
Thereafter and on the 23rd January, 2006, the court adjourned the case to 2nd March 2006 for addresses. On that day, the court granted the appellant's counsel, Mr. E. F. Njemanze, (who had earlier claimed that the accused/appellant has lost confidence in him), the liberty to submit written address on behalf of the appellant.
The case was subsequently adjourned first to 3/5/2006 and later to 18/5/2006 for address.
On 18/5/2006, the counsel for the 1st and 2nd accused persons addressed the court. The prosecution's reply was taken on 19/5/2006. On that date, the case was adjourned for judgment on 28/9/2006 when the trial court convicted the appellant and the two other accused persons and sentenced them to death for the offence of Armed Robbery. The appellant's appeal to the Court of Appeal was dismissed.
Dissatisfied with the judgment of the lower court, the appellant has now filed a notice of appeal containing four (4) grounds of appeal before this court on 11th June, 2012.
In compliance with the rules of Court, briefs of arguments were filed and exchanged between parties. The appellants brief of argument dated 8th October, 2012 was filed on the same date, and the reply brief also deemed filed on the 22th April, 2015; the respondent's brief dated 30* January, 2013 and filed 4th February, 2013 was however deemed properly filed on 9th October, 2013.
On the 3rd December, 2015 when the appeal was for hearing, the learned counsel Mr. Adedayo Tunde - Olowu represented the appellant and led a number of counsel. The respondent was however neither in court nor was he represented by any counsel. There was evidence on record confirming service of the hearing notice sent and received by the respondent's chambers. The learned appellant's counsel adopted and relied on their two briefs in urging the court to a/low the appeal. In the absence of the respondent but with his brief having been duly filed, same was deemed as argued and the appeal was adjourned for judgment.
On behalf of the appellant, the issues that fall for determination on their brief of argument in this appeal are two fold as follows:-
(i) Whether the learned justices of the Court of Appeal were right to have upheld and affirmed the decision, conviction and sentencing of the trial court when it was manifestly clear that the appellant was not afforded a fair trial at the trial court? (The issue is distilled from grounds I, 2 & 3),
(ii) Whether the learned justices of the Court of Appeal were right to have upheld and affirmed the conviction and death sentence passed on the appellant for armed robbery when it was clear, from the record, that the prosecution failed to prove the offence against the Appellant beyond reasonable doubt as required by law? (This is formulated from ground 4).
It is pertinent to point out that the issues raised by the appellant's counsel were adopted in totality by the respondent's counsel and the resolution of same were also made by both counsel in the same sequence. I will also consider the issues in the order adopted by the learned counsel,
1st Issue raised is whether the appellant did not have fair hearing in the course of his trial in this case.
It is the contention of the appellant's counsel that his client was not afforded a fair hearing/trial as provided by Section 36(1), (4) and (6) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, that what transpired at the trial court, counsel laments, was a travesty of justice and gave the detailed explanation of the grounds predicating his contention as follows:- That
(a) counsel for appellant was not in court when the PW3 testified and was not cross-examined by him.
(b) the appellant did not testify at the trial because of the heated arguments/accusations and loss of confidence appellant had, both towards the trial court and his counsel: In other words, the scene is properly captured from the record of appeal with specific reference at page 125 where a dialogue ensued between the appellant and the trial judge,
(c) counsel for appellant applied to withdraw from the matter and be discharged since appellant had lost confidence in him to handle his defence but the trial court refused to adjourn for the appellant to engage another counsel; that the case continued not withstanding that defence counsel was no longer in the matter.
The summary of the foregoing counsel argues, portrays a clear denial of the appellant's right to fair hearing as demonstrated by the absence of exercise of proper discretion judicially and judiciously by the trial court and wrongly affirmed by the lower court.
The counsel submits regrettably that a careful reading of the record of appeal, will reveal a complete replete of so many actions/inactions/utterances of the learned trial judge from which it can be discerned with high degree of certainty that the appellant was not afforded fair trial at the trial court.
In his response, the respondent s counsel submits the appellant s contention as unfounded and a complete figment of tales full of fury and signifying nothing. In other words, that it is not true to say that the appellant was refused a fair hearing at the trial court; that a reasonable man observing the totality of the trial will see clearly that there was a fair trial and that the appellant refused to enter his defence because he had none to offer and would rather have the case delayed and dragged on indefinitely. This, counsel confirms especially in view of the answer by the appellant to a question put to him by the trial court as follows:-
"Court: If this case is transferred it will affect the co-accused as it will start denovo.
"Answer: I do not know or care about them. I was arrested and detained alone." See page 125 of the record.
In further submission, the respondent's counsel related copiously to 5.36 of the 1999 Constitution and emphasized in strong terms that the trial judge duly observed the constitutional requirement right from the arraignment till judgment was given; that for all intents and purposes, counsel submits that the appellant did understand both English and Igbo languages; that counsel to the appellant was therefore wrong when he concluded that the charge was not read over and explained to the appellant. Reference was made to the case of Anyanwg V. The State (2002) 10 NSCQR 1335 where the law lays as mandatory that the service of an interpreter must be employed in o charge of a criminal trial where an accused person does not understand the language of the court. Counsel also submits that the failure to state categorically on the record that such interpreter was used at every subsequent adjournment will not vitiate the trial; see the case of Anyamvu V. The State (supra) at P.1355; that the appellant's insistence to a non-existing statement, to be given him before he would testify in his defence, is a ploy to stagnate the hearing of the case; that the evidence of several adjournments at the instance of the appellant, who refused to testify in his defence, is a clear strategy of an intention to frustrate the hearing of the case. Reference was made to 5.210 of the Criminal Procedure Laws (CPL) where the law dispenses with the presence of the appellant in court in situation where he misconducts himself by interrupting the proceedings or otherwise as to render their continuance in his presence impracticable.
In the circumstance of this case, the learned counsel endorsed the move taken by the trial court wherein it proceeded with the trial of the case and dispensed with the presence of the 3rd accused/appellant; that the trial of the accused/appellant was in compliance with the provisions of Section 210 of the Criminal Procedure Laws of Eastern Nigeria 1963; that the appellant was duly represented by counsel of his choice throughout the hearing of the case and he should not be heard to complain therefore.
The totality of the submission by the respondent's counsel urging before us that the appellant, contrary to the submission by his counsel wos not denied a hearing/fair trial in this case and that the issue should be resolved against him.
The 1st issue seeks to question the propriety of the appellant's trial which his learned counsel argues was not conducted in accordance with legal rules formulated far the purpose of doing justice. The decision in the case of Effjom V. The State (1995) 1 NWLR (Pt 373) 507 at 528 cited by the appellant's counsel is an authority in which several legal rules were formulated for purpose of ensuring that justice/fairness is done in a criminal trial
The use of the phrase concept of fair hearing:
"involves a fair trial and a fair trial of a case consists of the whole hearing. Therefore there is no difference between the two. The true test of a fair hearing is the impression of a reasonable person who was present at the trial whether from his observation justice has been done in the case."
See the case of Mohammed V. Kano Native Authority (1968) 1 AN NLR 424 at 436.
The term fair hearing therefore has been defined variously by this court to mean trial conducted according to all legal rules formulated to ensure that justice is done to all parties to the case. See Ogunsanya V. The State (2011) 12 NWLR (PM261) 401 at 434; also l/guru V. The State (2002) 4 SC (PI 1) 13 at 19 where U. A. Kalgo, JSC said:
"......... the term "fair hearing' in relation to a case in my view, means that trial of the case of the conduct of the proceedings thereof, is in accordance with the relevant law and rules in order to ensure justice and fairness..........."
Broadly speaking, this court had extended the interpretation of fair hearing from the perspective of a mere adherence to the twin pillars of justice so as to include anything improperly done during the trial which may cause an unbiased by stander to feel that justice has not been done. See the case of Amamchukwu V. F.R.N. (2009) 8 NWLR (Pt 1144) 475 at 486 where Tabai. JSC extended the concept and said;
"It encompasses not only the compliance with the rules of natural justice, but also audi alteram partem. It also entails doing in the course of trial, whether civil or criminal, all things which will make an impartial observer leave the court room with the belief that the trial has been balanced and fair on both sides to the trial." (emphasis is supplied).
The question that calls for an answer in this issue is whether the accused/appellant in question was accorded fair hearing? In other words, were the proceedings both at the trial court and the court below conducted in accordance to all legal rules formulated to ensure justice is done to the parties? The measuring yardstick is the opinion of the said unbiased by stander who must approve in satisfaction.
The appellant's counsel submits emphatically that there serious errors in law/irregularities committed by the trial court, also the court below which have breached seriously the appellant's right to fair trial and fair hearing as shown on the record and thus occasioning a miscarriage of justice. Finally, that the totality of evidence did not disc Jose any prima facie case against the appellant. Counsel urges the court to resolve the issue in favour of the appellant.
To the contrary, it is the submission by the respondent's counsel that the appellant did have a fair hearing/fair trial throughout the proceedings at the lower court and also the trial court; that the learned trial judge duly observed all the constitutional requirements from the arraignment right through till judgment was given.
It is pertinent to restate that the arraignment of the appellant and two others, kick started at page 17 of the record after the charge was amended and the trial judge noted on the record lines 27 - 30 and said thus:
"Application is granted and charge is amended accordingly. Plea: charge as amended is read over to accused persons and explained to them in Igbo Language," (Emphasis is mine).
The significance of the foregoing proceeding is to the effect that the accuseds, appellant inclusive, were provided the service of an interpreter who interpreted the amended charge and the proceedings to the accused persons in Igbo Language. The same procedure was again repeated on 31st August 1999 when there was a further amendment of the charge and a fresh plea was taken from all the accused persons inclusive of the appellant, who pleaded not guilty.
PW2, by name Emmanuel Igwe, Force No, 135244 the Sgt attached to the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) Anti-robbery section was the IPO and knew all the accused persons. This was the witnesses' evidence at page 47 of the record.
"He (accused/appellant) was brought back to the office where I charged and cautioned him with the offence In the house of PW1. He volunteered a statement in English Language which I recorded read it over to him he accepted it as correct signed and I counter signed." (emphasis supplied).
Contrary to the contention portrayed by the appellant's counsel. In addition to the charge been read and explained to the accused/appellant by an Interpreter in Igbo Language, he did understand the language of the court and hence his volunteering a statement in English Language to PW2.
In the case of Anyanwu V. The State (supra) at 1344 it was held by this court thus:-
"The use of interpreter is mandatory where a person charged with a criminal offence does not understand the Language used in the trial."
The need for an interpreter is not applicable to the case at hand. I seek to say also that the provision having been made for one is a sheer surplasage. Consequently, the contention advocated by the appellant's counsel that there should be a repeat of the use of interpreter at every subsequent adjournment and evidenced on the record, is unreasonable. It is understood on the onset as shown at page 17 of the record supra that service of interpreter was provided.
The measure was only out of abundance of caution since the accused/appellant, from his statement to PW1 understood English Language and therefore needed no service of an interpreter. This is more so when the appellant is now raising the issue of interpreter for the first time in this court. It is borne out on record also that the appellant was represented by counsel at the trial and he did not object to the proceedings on account of absence of an interpreter. The right, having been lost is now too late in the day and cannot be revisited. It is an afterthought. See again the case of Anyanwu V. The State (supra).
On whether or not the appellant was given right or adequate opportunity to present his case, regard should be had to the trial court's record of proceedings of 7/11/2005 at page 119 wherein the appellant was in court but refused to testify and insisted on seeing the statement he alleged to have made to the police in September, 1998. The court adjourned the proceedings to the 29th November, 2005 with a further order that the appellant's counsel should be in court.
On the said 29th November, 2005 when the matter came up for further hearing, accused/appellant was in court but his counsel was absent. The trial court however inquired from the prosecuting counsel thus:-
"Court to Mr, Amaechi (State Counsel)
Is there any statement by 3rd accused in your file?
Ans: All statements made by the 3 accused were tendered through the IPO they are in court as Exh. "D" and "E"
Also at lines 25 - 27 the court proceeded and ask thus-
"Court: Is there any statement made by 3rd accused to other Police officer in the file? Ans; None, the only statement made by 3rd accused were those tendered and marked,"
Again and of further relevance and consideration is the evidence of PW2. At the same page 47 of the record at lines 3-23 PW2 the witness had this to say:-
"The search for the fleeing robbers however continued............... , We received information that Mathew Nwokocha, 3rd accused was spotted in Port Horcourt, Rivers State. Inspector Lasisi Adisa led a team of detectives to Port Harcourt where the 3rd accused was arrested.
. In his Statement he mentioned the 1st and 2nd accused as people in his company when he robbed the PW1. He made two statements but not the same day. In the 2nd statement he confessed to other robberies. His second statement led to the recovery of a Yamaya RX 125 (sic) motocycle which he had earlier robbed." (emphasis supplied).
There is nowhere on the record that PW2 was cross examined by the appellant's counsel on his evidence (supra) as to the existence of any other statement. This is taking into account and notwithstanding that both the accused/appellant and his counsel Mr. E. F. Njemanze were in court.
It is expedient to restate that PW2 was so emphatic when he stated that after the appellant was arrested he was charged and cautioned of the offence in the PVVTs house. As rightly submitted by the respondent's counsel, the appellants insistence on a non-existent statement as a pre-condition to his giving evidence in his defence was nothing short of a ploy to stagnate the hearing of the case.
Another scheme or strategy employed by the appellant to frustrate the hearing of the case was where the case was adjourned seven times at the instance of the 3- accused/appellant for refusal to testify in his defence. At page 123 lines 18 - 30 of the record, the learned trial judge said:-
"Court: This case came up for defence by 3rd accused person on 7th November, 2005 he refused to testify claiming that he would only do so if given the statement which he made to a Cpl Ogbolu in 1998. He again refused to enter his defence on 29th November 2005 to which date the case was adjourned and that prompted the question put to the prosecuting counsel on that date. He has again refused to enter his defence today, m the circumstance my belief is that he "as nothing to offer in deference I shall therefore adjourn the case for address by counsel. Case adjourned to 2nd March, 2006 for addresses."
On 2nd March, 2006 when the trial court reconvened, the accused was in court so also his counsel Mr. E. F. Njemanze who applied for an order renewing his application for his discharge from further representing the accused on account of the refusal to heed the counsel's instruct. In other words that the accused, instead of giving evidence had engaged himself in campaign of calumny against him as his counsel and the trial court.
In summary and a nutshell, the reproduction of certain aspects of the dramatic event that took place in court as reflected in the proceedings at pages 124 - 126 of the record will, give a better exposure of the appellant's outright and persistent refusal to enter his defence.
"Court: To the 3rd accused:
You heard your counsel, what do you say?
Ans: I had said that I have lost confidence in this court and that I do not want this court to continue with my trial.
..
Court: What reasons have you for the loss of confidence?
Ans: I have been facing trial in this court since 1999 and nothing has happened. The statement which I made to police in September was not tendered before this court. The only brother I have who has been financing the case is now deceased and the counsel has been asking for money. I have been receiving threats from this court e.g. when the court told me that I will meet him next year. That was in November, 2005. I see that as a threat The court said last year that I was using delay tactics. He called me a criminal and that I would stay in prison.
Court: You said that your counsel was asking of money - what if he is prepared to go on without money?
Ans: I do not need his assistance anymore.
Court: Are you prepared to get another counsel?
Ans: Yes but not if the case is still in this court.
Court: Have you applied for transfer?
I will do that if necessary.
Court: If this case is transferred, it will affect the co-accused as it will start denovo,
Ans: I do not know or care about them. I was arrested and detained alone.
Mrs. Amadi in re-action says that the application of both of counsel and transfer are belated. The accused cannot now ask for change of counsel or court. Says that the charge is for armed robbery and legal aid counsel do not take up armed robbery matters. Urges the court to refuse the application.
Court: Much as the court appreciated the position of the defence counsel it has also taken notice of the effect of granting the application considering the nature of the charge, length and stage of this trial.
I shall refuse both application of the 3rd accused counsel to be discharged and that of the 3* accused as that of an accused refusing to put up a defence. The case is adjourned for address Counsel for the 3rd accused is allowed to submit a written address................
In summary and on a combined reading of the entire events and happenings that took place on the 2nd March, 2006. I agree with the view held by the lower court that the refusal of the applications by the learned trial judge cannot be separated from the antecedents of the case which invariably include the length of time the trial had taken between 1999 - 2006; the fact that the appellant was charged along with two other accused persons; the fact that it was after the appellant failed to enter his defence for no valid reasons at all on two occasions and the court had to adjourn on 23rd January, 2006; In addition to the foregoing conclusions it cannot be ruled out also that the learned counsel for the 3rd accused/appellant would not have asked for discharge from the case ordinarily without an objection by the state.
From all indications, a neutral observer, as a reasonable man, would in my view, have endorsed the patience exhibited by the trial court in giving the appellant ample opportunity to have entered his defence and taken advantage of the Constitutional and legal provisions relating to fair trials and fair hearing. The onus was on the appellant who refused to avail himself of the opportunities. It is no longer open for him now to turn round and lay a complaint that he was denied fair hearing. The rule pertaining to fair hearing simply means that parties must be given the opportunity to present their case. Where a party delays deliberately the hearing of his case, he will not be classified as coming within the rule. The appellant acted without reasonable consideration in this case; the court could not have folded its hands and waited endlessly for the appellant's convenient time which may never come. The court must be proactive and in control of the proceedings to ensure that justice and fair play are done to all parties. The lower court was right when it endorsed the line of action taken by the trial court in the exercise of its discretion judicially and judiciously. Judicial authorities are well pronounced that, where a party to a suit has been accorded every opportunity of being heard evidently, and for no just cause whatsoever refuses to enter his defence or neglects to attend the sittings of the court, he is deemed to have voluntarily abandoned his case or defence and cannot be heard to complain of any breach or denial of fair hearing. The following authorities are well settled: Mirchandani V. Pinhero (2001) 3 NWLR (Pt 701) 557, Folbod Investment Ltd. (1996) 10 NWLR (Pt 478) 344, Abubakar V. INEC (2004) 1 NWLR (Pt 854) 207, Scott Emukpor V. Ukaube (1979) 1 SC6, Oyeyipo V. Oyinloye (1987) 1 NWLR (Pt 50) 356; Omo V. JSC (2000) 12 NWLR (Pt 682) 444, and A.N,P.P. V. REC, Akwa Ibom State (2008) 8 NWLR (1090) 453.
Niki Tobi, JSC in the case of Adebayo V. Attorney-General of Ogun State (2008) 7 NWLR (Pt 1085) 201 at 205 to 206 had the following to say also on the growing tendency to abuse the fair hearing principle;-
" The fair hearing, provision in the constitution is the machinery or locomotive of justice, not a spare part to propel or invigorate the case of the user. It is not a casual principle of law available to a party to be picked up at will in a case and force the court to apply it to his advantage. On the contrary, it is a formidable and fundamental provision available to a party who is really denied fair hearing because he was not heard or that he was not properly heard in the case."
In the instant case, and as rightly held by the lower court, the learned trial judge was not expected to wait indefinitely in reaching a decision in the case pending before him, for the written address of the learned counsel to an appellant who had refused to enter his defence. In my view the two lower courts could not have acted otherwise than they did. I also endorse their line of action and tow same as reasonable. I therefore hold that the ls1 issue is resolved against the appellant.
The 2nd issue is whether the prosecution had proved its case against the appellant beyond reasonable doubt.
It is submitted by the appellant's counsel that the court below wrongly affirmed the decision of the trial court in convicting and sentencing the appellant to death for armed robbery, in spite of the fact that it was glaringly clear (from the record) that the essential ingredients of armed robbery were not proved beyond reasonable doubt against the appellant; that the prosecution failed to show that something was stolen indeed from PW1 without proving strictly the existence of the money and radio allegedly stolen before the robbery complained of; that PW3, (the doctor that attended to PW1), in his testimony totally contradicted PWl's story of how he may have sustained the 1healed scar on his head (upon which prosecution and the Learned trial judge so heavily relied to say that violence was used in the incident); that the prosecution failed to strictly establish that the appellant was one of the persons who attacked PW1.
It is counsel's further submission that Exhibits "D" & "E" (the alleged Appellant's confessional statements on which the two lower courts heavily relied) are totally impracticable and impossible as they were made on 12th and 15,h August, 1998 respectively while PW2 (the IPO) positively testified that the appellant was arrested for the very first time in Port-Harcourt. "In September, 1998......" i.e, the confession was made some weeks before the Appellant's arrest, which counsel submits could not have been possible; that the whole uncorroborated story told by PW1 is nothing but mere imagination.
In reaction to the appellant's issue No 2, on the question of proof, the learned counsel for the respondent re-iterates the ingredients that must be proved to establish the offence of armed robbery as copiously enumerated in the case of Abdullahi V. The State (2008) 16 LCRN 96 at pages 113 - 114; that from the evidence of PW1, the prosecution did prove that there was robber/ and the robbery was armed robbery and the appellant was one of the robbers; Counsel in his unshaken submission re-iterates further that based on the totality of evidence adduced at the trial court, the prosecution had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt against the appellant; that PW1 was an eye witness whose evidence was never impugned; that the appellant, counsel submits, is within his constitutional right absolutely, in choosing not to testify in his defence. However, that the implication is also obvious that where the prosecution laid sufficient evidence that calls for rebuttal by the accused and such response is not forth coming, the trial court will be entitled to rely on the uncontroverted evidence of the prosecution witnesses in finding the accused person guilty. Reference in support was made to the case of Sylvester Utteh V. The State (1992) 2 NWLR (Pt 223) 257 which held that it is the accused's constitutional right to remain silent during investigation or in court and the prosecution has the duty to prove him guilty.
In the case of Alabi V. The State (1993) 7 NWLR (Pt 307) 511 at 523, this court highlighted and restated the essential ingredients of the offence of armed robbery as established by numerous decided authorities and said:-
"
For the prosecution to succeed in the case, there ought to be proof beyond reasonable doub